Runway incursions specifically are classified into the following categories:
- Operational Error (OE)
- Pilot Deviation (PD)
- Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation (VPD)
- Miscellaneous
The typical airport surface environment is a complex system of markings, lighting, and signage coupled with layouts that vary by airport.
Today, surveillance and broadcast services such as the following exist.
- Traffic Information Service – Broadcast (TIS-B)
- Flight Information Service – Broadcast (FIS-B)
- Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B)
These systems, specifically ADS-B, are crucial components of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS). ADS-B provides surveillance and situational awareness simultaneously to pilots and air traffic control facilities. It has been designed to improve safety, capacity and efficiency of the National Airspace System, while providing a flexible expandable platform to accommodate future air traffic growth.
These services help to prevent accidents by providing increased situational awareness to air traffic controllers and pilots by providing:
- Air-to-air surveillance capability
- Surveillance to areas that do not currently have surveillance coverage
- Real-time, in-the-cockpit, traffic and aeronautical information
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